/* ── LESSON PACK: ADVANCED B2–C2 ──
   Loads after learn-lessons-essentials-3.jsx — pushes into window.LESSONS_DATA. */

window.LESSONS_DATA.push(

  /* ─── B2 · THIRD & MIXED CONDITIONALS ─── */
  {
    id:'third-mixed-conditionals', level:'B2', icon:'⏪', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Third & Mixed Conditionals', ar:'الشرط الثالث والمختلط', tr:'Üçüncü ve Karma Koşul Cümleleri' },
    summary:{
      en:'Talking about the past that never happened — essential for post-mortems and lessons learned.',
      ar:'الحديث عن ماضٍ لم يحدث — أساسي لتحليل الأخطاء والدروس المستفادة.',
      tr:'Hiç yaşanmamış geçmiş hakkında konuşmak — hata analizleri için şart.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'The forms', ar:'الصيغ' }, body:{
        en:'**Third conditional** — imaginary past, past result:\n*If we **had tested** earlier, we **would have found** the bug.* (We didn\u2019t test; we didn\u2019t find it.)\nForm: If + past perfect, would have + V3.\n**Mixed conditional** — imaginary past, PRESENT result:\n*If we **had chosen** the other supplier, we **would be** on schedule now.*\nForm: If + past perfect, would + base verb.',
        ar:'**الشرط الثالث** — ماضٍ متخيل ونتيجة ماضية:\n*If we **had tested** earlier, we **would have found** the bug.*\nالصيغة: If + الماضي التام، would have + التصريف الثالث.\n**الشرط المختلط** — ماضٍ متخيل ونتيجة حاضرة:\n*If we **had chosen** the other supplier, we **would be** on schedule now.*',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'All conditionals compared', ar:'مقارنة أنواع الشرط' }, headers:['Type','Example','Meaning'], rows:[
        ['Zero','If you heat ice, it melts.','always true'],
        ['First','If it rains, we will cancel.','real future'],
        ['Second','If I had time, I would help.','unreal present'],
        ['Third','If I had known, I would have called.','unreal past'],
        ['Mixed','If I had slept, I would be fresh now.','unreal past → present result'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'In engineering post-mortems', ar:'في تحليلات ما بعد الحوادث' }, body:{
        en:'Third conditionals are the grammar of lessons learned — but use them for analysis, not blame: *If the sensor had been calibrated, the error would have been caught* focuses on process. Compare: *If YOU had calibrated the sensor…* — same grammar, very different meeting.',
        ar:'الشرط الثالث هو قواعد الدروس المستفادة — استخدمه للتحليل لا للوم: ركّز على العملية لا على الشخص.',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'Examples', ar:'أمثلة' }, items:[
        { en:'If we had ordered the parts in May, they would have arrived on time.', ar:'لو طلبنا القطع في مايو لوصلت في موعدها.', ctx:'third' },
        { en:'If she hadn\u2019t double-checked the drawing, the mistake would have reached production.', ar:'لولا تدقيقها المخطط لوصل الخطأ إلى الإنتاج.', ctx:'third, negative' },
        { en:'If I had studied in Germany, I would speak German now.', ar:'لو درست في ألمانيا لكنت أتحدث الألمانية الآن.', ctx:'mixed' },
        { en:'If the team had documented the code, onboarding would be much easier today.', ar:'لو وثّق الفريق الكود لكان التأهيل أسهل اليوم.', ctx:'mixed' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'If we ___ the logs, we would have seen the warning.', options:['checked','had checked','would check','check'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Third conditional: If + past perfect.', explainAr:'الشرط الثالث: If + الماضي التام.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'If they had fixed the leak, the pump ___ still working now.', options:['would have been','would be','will be','was'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Mixed: past condition → present result → would be.', explainAr:'مختلط: نتيجة حاضرة → would be.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'She ___ the job if she had applied.', options:['would get','would have gotten','will get','got'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Third conditional result: would have + V3.', explainAr:'نتيجة الشرط الثالث: would have + V3.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Which sentence is a MIXED conditional?',
        options:['If it rains, we stay in.','If I had known, I would have said.','If we had automated this, we would save hours every week now.','If I were you, I would go.'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Past condition, present result = mixed.', explainAr:'شرط ماضٍ ونتيجة حاضرة = مختلط.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'If the alarm ___ (sound), everyone would have evacuated. (two words)', a:'had sounded',
        explainEn:'If + past perfect: had sounded.', explainAr:'If + الماضي التام.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'If we had hired earlier, we ___ not be behind schedule now. (one word)', a:'would',
        explainEn:'Mixed conditional: would + base verb.', explainAr:'الشرط المختلط: would + الفعل.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B2 · LINKING & CONTRAST ─── */
  {
    id:'advanced-linkers', level:'B2', icon:'🧵', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Advanced Linkers — despite, whereas, hence', ar:'أدوات الربط المتقدمة — despite, whereas, hence', tr:'İleri Bağlaçlar — despite, whereas, hence' },
    summary:{
      en:'The connectors that make reports sound professional — and the grammar traps inside them.',
      ar:'الروابط التي تجعل التقارير مهنية — والفخاخ النحوية داخلها.',
      tr:'Raporları profesyonel gösteren bağlaçlar — ve içlerindeki dilbilgisi tuzakları.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'Contrast: the big four', ar:'التباين: الأربعة الكبار' }, body:{
        en:'**although / even though** + clause: *Although the test failed, we learned a lot.*\n**despite / in spite of** + NOUN or -ing: *Despite the failure, we learned a lot. Despite failing, …*\n**whereas / while** compare two facts: *Steel is heavy, whereas aluminum is light.*\n**however** starts a new sentence: *The design is elegant. However, it is expensive.*',
        ar:'**although / even though** + جملة: *Although the test failed…*\n**despite / in spite of** + اسم أو -ing: *Despite the failure…*\n**whereas / while** للمقارنة: *Steel is heavy, whereas aluminum is light.*\n**however** تبدأ جملة جديدة.',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'Cause & result linkers', ar:'روابط السبب والنتيجة' }, headers:['Linker','Register','Example'], rows:[
        ['so','neutral','It was late, so we stopped.'],
        ['therefore','formal','The load exceeds the limit; therefore, redesign is required.'],
        ['hence','formal','The part is obsolete, hence the delay.'],
        ['consequently','formal','Consequently, the project was postponed.'],
        ['due to + noun','formal','Due to corrosion, the pipe failed.'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'The classic trap', ar:'الفخ الكلاسيكي' }, body:{
        en:'❌ *Despite the test failed* — despite cannot take a full clause. ✅ *Despite the test failure* / *Despite the fact that the test failed* / *Although the test failed.* Choose one pattern and keep it.',
        ar:'❌ *Despite the test failed* — لا تأخذ despite جملة كاملة. ✅ *Despite the test failure* أو *Although the test failed.*',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'In reports', ar:'في التقارير' }, items:[
        { en:'Despite repeated calibration, the sensor continued to drift.', ar:'رغم المعايرة المتكررة استمر انحراف المستشعر.', ctx:'despite + noun' },
        { en:'The prototype passed all tests; therefore, we recommend production.', ar:'اجتاز النموذج كل الاختبارات؛ لذلك نوصي بالإنتاج.', ctx:'therefore' },
        { en:'Team A works on-site, whereas Team B is fully remote.', ar:'يعمل الفريق أ في الموقع بينما الفريق ب عن بُعد.', ctx:'whereas' },
        { en:'Even though the budget was cut, the deadline did not move.', ar:'رغم خفض الميزانية لم يتغير الموعد النهائي.', ctx:'even though + clause' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'___ the rain, the concrete pour continued.', options:['Although','Despite','Whereas','However'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Before a noun → Despite.', explainAr:'قبل الاسم → Despite.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'___ the test failed, the team stayed optimistic.', options:['Despite','Due to','Although','Hence'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Before a full clause → Although.', explainAr:'قبل جملة كاملة → Although.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Steel is cheap, ___ titanium is very expensive.', options:['despite','whereas','therefore','due to'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Comparing two facts → whereas.', explainAr:'مقارنة حقيقتين → whereas.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'The pump is obsolete; ___, spare parts are hard to find.', options:['although','whereas','consequently','despite'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Result → consequently.', explainAr:'نتيجة → consequently.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'___ to a supplier delay, the launch moved to June. (one word)', a:'Due',
        explainEn:'Due to + noun.', explainAr:'Due to + اسم.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Despite ___ (work) overtime, they missed the deadline.', a:'working',
        explainEn:'despite + -ing.', explainAr:'despite + -ing.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── C1 · HEDGING ─── */
  {
    id:'hedging-academic', level:'C1', icon:'🎓', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Hedging — The Language of Careful Claims', ar:'التحوّط — لغة الادعاءات الحذرة', tr:'İhtiyatlı İfade — Dikkatli İddiaların Dili' },
    summary:{
      en:'How scientists and engineers avoid overclaiming: seems, suggests, may indicate.',
      ar:'كيف يتجنب العلماء والمهندسون المبالغة في الادعاء: seems, suggests, may indicate.',
      tr:'Bilim insanları ve mühendisler aşırı iddiadan nasıl kaçınır: seems, suggests, may indicate.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'Why hedge?', ar:'لماذا التحوط؟' }, body:{
        en:'In technical writing, certainty must be earned. Data rarely PROVES; it *suggests*, *indicates*, or *is consistent with*. Hedging is not weakness — it is precision about how much you know.\n**Toolbox:** may / might / could · appears to / seems to · suggests / indicates · tends to · is likely to · to some extent · under certain conditions.',
        ar:'في الكتابة التقنية، اليقين يجب أن يُكتسب. البيانات نادراً ما تثبت؛ بل *تشير* أو *توحي*. التحوط ليس ضعفاً — بل دقة حول مدى معرفتك.\n**الأدوات:** may / might · appears to · suggests · tends to · is likely to.',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'Certainty ladder', ar:'سلم اليقين' }, headers:['Strength','Phrase','Example'], rows:[
        ['~95%','demonstrates / shows','The data shows a clear correlation.'],
        ['~80%','indicates / is likely to','Results indicate a design flaw.'],
        ['~60%','suggests / appears to','This suggests thermal stress.'],
        ['~40%','may / might / could','The delay may be caused by traffic load.'],
        ['flagged guess','it is possible that','It is possible that both factors interact.'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'Calibrate, don\u2019t decorate', ar:'عايِر ولا تزخرف' }, body:{
        en:'Two failure modes: overclaiming (*proves* when you mean *suggests*) destroys credibility once, permanently; over-hedging (*it might possibly perhaps seem*) buries your finding. One hedge per claim is usually right: *The results suggest that…* — then say it plainly.',
        ar:'خطآن: المبالغة (*يثبت* بدل *يشير*) تدمر المصداقية نهائياً؛ والإفراط في التحوط يدفن نتيجتك. تحوط واحد لكل ادعاء يكفي عادة.',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'Before → after', ar:'قبل → بعد' }, items:[
        { en:'"This proves our design is better" → "These results suggest our design performs better under load."', ar:'"هذا يثبت" ← "تشير النتائج إلى أداء أفضل تحت الحمل."', ctx:'calibrated claim' },
        { en:'"The server crashed because of the update" → "The crash appears to be linked to the update."', ar:'"انهار بسبب التحديث" ← "يبدو الانهيار مرتبطاً بالتحديث."', ctx:'unproven cause' },
        { en:'"Everyone prefers the new UI" → "Most participants (18 of 24) preferred the new UI."', ar:'"الجميع يفضل" ← "فضّل معظم المشاركين (١٨ من ٢٤)."', ctx:'quantify instead' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'Your data shows a pattern but no proven cause. Best verb?',
        options:['proves','suggests','guarantees','confirms'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Unproven → suggests.', explainAr:'غير مثبت → suggests.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'"The failure ___ have been caused by vibration." (possible, not certain)',
        options:['must','may','will','did'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Possibility → may.', explainAr:'احتمال → may.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Which is OVER-hedged?',
        options:['The results suggest a correlation.','It might possibly perhaps be somewhat likely that there is maybe a correlation.','The data indicates a trend.','This may reflect sensor error.'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Stacked hedges bury the finding.', explainAr:'التحوطات المتراكمة تدفن النتيجة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Strongest claim on the ladder?',
        options:['could','suggests','indicates','demonstrates'], a:3,
        explainEn:'demonstrates ≈ 95% certainty.', explainAr:'demonstrates أعلى يقين.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'The sensor readings ___ to drift at high temperature. (seem/prove)', a:'seem',
        explainEn:'Observed tendency → seem to.', explainAr:'ميل ملاحظ → seem.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'These results are ___ with our hypothesis. (one word: consistent/proving)', a:'consistent',
        explainEn:'"Consistent with" = supports without proving.', explainAr:'متسقة مع الفرضية دون إثباتها.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── C1 · INVERSION ─── */
  {
    id:'inversion-emphasis', level:'C1', icon:'🔀', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Inversion — Not only did we…, Rarely has…', ar:'القلب النحوي — Not only did we…, Rarely has…', tr:'Devrik Yapı — Not only did we…, Rarely has…' },
    summary:{
      en:'Flip the word order for emphasis — the signature move of polished formal English.',
      ar:'اقلب ترتيب الكلمات للتوكيد — الحركة المميزة للإنجليزية الرسمية المصقولة.',
      tr:'Vurgu için kelime sırasını çevir — cilalı resmî İngilizcenin imza hareketi.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'The pattern', ar:'النمط' }, body:{
        en:'After certain negative or limiting adverbs at the START of a sentence, the subject and auxiliary swap — like a question:\n*Not only **did we finish** early, but we also came in under budget.*\n*Rarely **has a project** gone so smoothly.*\n*Under no circumstances **should you** bypass the interlock.*\nNo auxiliary in the plain sentence? Add do/does/did: *Little **did he know**…*',
        ar:'بعد بعض الظروف النافية أو المقيدة في بداية الجملة، يتبادل الفاعل والفعل المساعد — كالسؤال:\n*Not only **did we finish** early…*\n*Rarely **has a project** gone so smoothly.*\nإن لم يوجد فعل مساعد نضيف do/does/did.',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'Common triggers', ar:'المحفزات الشائعة' }, headers:['Trigger','Example'], rows:[
        ['Not only… but also','Not only did it fail, but it failed silently.'],
        ['Never / Rarely / Seldom','Never have we seen such demand.'],
        ['Under no circumstances','Under no circumstances should this valve be opened.'],
        ['Only then / Only after','Only after testing did we understand the issue.'],
        ['No sooner… than','No sooner had we deployed than the alerts began.'],
        ['Had / Should / Were (conditional)','Had we known, we would have acted. (= If we had known)'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'Where it belongs', ar:'أين ينتمي' }, body:{
        en:'Inversion is formal — presentations, reports, and safety documents (*Under no circumstances should…* is standard in manuals). In casual chat it sounds theatrical. One inversion per document is seasoning; five is a costume.',
        ar:'القلب رسمي — للعروض والتقارير ووثائق السلامة. في الدردشة يبدو مسرحياً. واحد في المستند توابل؛ خمسة تنكّر.',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'Examples', ar:'أمثلة' }, items:[
        { en:'Not only does the new pump use less power, but it also runs quieter.', ar:'المضخة الجديدة لا تستهلك طاقة أقل فحسب بل تعمل بهدوء أكبر.', ctx:'not only' },
        { en:'Only when the readings stabilized did we restart production.', ar:'فقط عندما استقرت القراءات أعدنا تشغيل الإنتاج.', ctx:'only when' },
        { en:'Had the alarm worked, the damage would have been minor.', ar:'لو عمل الإنذار لكان الضرر طفيفاً.', ctx:'conditional inversion' },
        { en:'Seldom does a first prototype survive contact with real users.', ar:'نادراً ما ينجو النموذج الأول من لقاء المستخدمين الحقيقيين.', ctx:'seldom' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'Not only ___ the deadline, but we beat it by a week.', options:['we met','did we meet','we did meet','met we'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Not only + did + subject + verb.', explainAr:'Not only + did + الفاعل + الفعل.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Rarely ___ such a clear failure signature.', options:['we have seen','have we seen','we see','saw we'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Rarely + have + subject + V3.', explainAr:'Rarely + have + الفاعل.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'"___ we known about the defect, we would have recalled the batch."', options:['If had','Had','Should','Did'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Had we known = If we had known.', explainAr:'Had we known تعني If we had known.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Under no circumstances ___ the guard be removed.', options:['should','you should','should you','shoulds'], a:0,
        explainEn:'Under no circumstances should + subject… wait — subject follows: "should the guard be removed." Here "the guard" is the subject → should.', explainAr:'القلب: should + الفاعل.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Only after the audit ___ we discover the missing records. (one word)', a:'did',
        explainEn:'Only after… did we discover.', explainAr:'Only after + did + الفاعل.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'No sooner ___ we launched than the servers overloaded. (one word)', a:'had',
        explainEn:'No sooner had we launched than…', explainAr:'No sooner + had.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── C2 · SUBTLE DISTINCTIONS ─── */
  {
    id:'subtle-distinctions', level:'C2', icon:'🔬', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Near-Synonyms — imply/infer, affect/effect', ar:'شبه المترادفات — imply/infer, affect/effect', tr:'Yakın Eşanlamlılar — imply/infer, affect/effect' },
    summary:{
      en:'Word pairs that even native speakers confuse — mastering them is a C2 signature.',
      ar:'أزواج كلمات يخلط بينها حتى الناطقون الأصليون — إتقانها علامة مستوى C2.',
      tr:'Ana dili İngilizce olanların bile karıştırdığı kelime çiftleri — bunlarda ustalaşmak C2 imzasıdır.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'Speaker vs listener, noun vs verb', ar:'المتكلم مقابل المستمع، الاسم مقابل الفعل' }, body:{
        en:'**imply / infer:** the speaker implies (hints); the listener infers (concludes). *Her tone implied doubt; I inferred that the demo had failed.*\n**affect / effect:** affect = verb (to influence); effect = noun (the result). *The heat affects the readings; the effect is a 2% drift.* (Rare formal verb: *to effect change* = to bring it about.)\n**ensure / assure / insure:** ensure = make certain a thing happens; assure = tell a person confidently; insure = buy insurance.',
        ar:'**imply / infer:** المتكلم يُلمّح (implies)؛ المستمع يستنتج (infers).\n**affect / effect:** affect فعل (يؤثر)؛ effect اسم (النتيجة).\n**ensure / assure / insure:** ensure = يضمن حدوث شيء؛ assure = يطمئن شخصاً؛ insure = يؤمّن (تأمين).',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'More treacherous pairs', ar:'أزواج خادعة أخرى' }, headers:['Pair','Distinction','Example'], rows:[
        ['continuous / continual','without ANY pause / repeated with pauses','continuous monitoring · continual interruptions'],
        ['principal / principle','main (adj), chief person / a rule or truth','the principal cause · a design principle'],
        ['complement / compliment','completes something / praises someone','The teams complement each other. · She complimented the design.'],
        ['economic / economical','of the economy / money-saving','economic policy · an economical engine'],
        ['historic / historical','importantly memorable / relating to history','a historic launch · historical data'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'Why it matters at C2', ar:'لماذا يهم في C2' }, body:{
        en:'At lower levels these slips are noise; in a contract or specification they are signal. *Continuous inspection* (24/7) vs *continual inspection* (regular intervals) can differ by millions in cost. Precision vocabulary is not pedantry — at the top level, it is risk management.',
        ar:'في المستويات الأدنى هذه الزلات ضوضاء؛ في عقد أو مواصفة إشارة. *فحص مستمر* يختلف عن *فحص متكرر* بملايين التكلفة.',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'In context', ar:'في السياق' }, items:[
        { en:'The report implies negligence, but we should not infer guilt without evidence.', ar:'يلمّح التقرير إلى إهمال لكن لا يجب أن نستنتج الذنب دون دليل.', ctx:'imply/infer' },
        { en:'Vibration affects accuracy; the effect grows with speed.', ar:'يؤثر الاهتزاز على الدقة؛ ويزداد الأثر مع السرعة.', ctx:'affect/effect' },
        { en:'I can assure you that we will ensure the shipment is insured.', ar:'أؤكد لك أننا سنضمن أن الشحنة مؤمَّنة.', ctx:'all three' },
        { en:'The sensor logs historical data for the historic first flight.', ar:'يسجل المستشعر بيانات تاريخية للرحلة الأولى التاريخية.', ctx:'historic/historical' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'From the delay, I ___ that the tests had failed.', options:['implied','inferred','affected','ensured'], a:1,
        explainEn:'The listener/reader infers.', explainAr:'المستمع يستنتج → inferred.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'The temperature change had a measurable ___ on the output.', options:['affect','effect','effection','affection'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Noun → effect.', explainAr:'اسم → effect.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'The contract requires ___ monitoring — no gaps allowed.', options:['continual','continuous','continuing','continued'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Without any pause → continuous.', explainAr:'دون توقف → continuous.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'"We must ___ that every unit is tested." (make certain)', options:['assure','insure','ensure','infer'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Make certain a thing happens → ensure.', explainAr:'يضمن حدوث الشيء → ensure.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Her silence ___ (imply/infer) disagreement — that was the hint she gave.', a:'implied',
        explainEn:'The speaker/giver of the hint implies.', explainAr:'صاحب التلميح يُلمّح → implied.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'The two skill sets ___ each other perfectly. (complement/compliment)', a:'complement',
        explainEn:'Complete each other → complement.', explainAr:'يكمل أحدهما الآخر → complement.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── C2 · NOMINALIZATION & STYLE ─── */
  {
    id:'nominalization-style', level:'C2', icon:'🪶', group:'basics',
    title:{ en:'Nominalization — When Verbs Become Nouns', ar:'التسمية الاسمية — عندما تصبح الأفعال أسماء', tr:'Adlaştırma — Fiiller İsme Dönüştüğünde' },
    summary:{
      en:'"We decided" vs "a decision was made": the single biggest lever of formal style — and its abuse.',
      ar:'"قررنا" مقابل "تم اتخاذ قرار": أكبر رافعة للأسلوب الرسمي — وسوء استخدامها.',
      tr:'"Karar verdik" ile "bir karar alındı": resmî üslubun en büyük kaldıracı — ve kötüye kullanımı.',
    },
    sections:[
      { type:'concept', title:{ en:'The transformation', ar:'التحويل' }, body:{
        en:'Nominalization turns verbs and adjectives into nouns: decide → decision, fail → failure, precise → precision. It is the engine of formal, abstract style:\n*We analyzed the data* → *An analysis of the data was conducted.*\nUsed well, it packages a whole action into a thing you can discuss: *The investigation revealed…* Used badly, it drains sentences of actors and energy.',
        ar:'التسمية الاسمية تحول الأفعال والصفات إلى أسماء: decide → decision, fail → failure.\n*We analyzed* → *An analysis was conducted.*\nحسن استخدامها يغلّف الفعل في شيء قابل للنقاش؛ وسوء استخدامها يفرغ الجمل من الفاعلين والطاقة.',
      }},
      { type:'table', title:{ en:'Heavy → light', ar:'ثقيل → خفيف' }, headers:['Nominalized (heavy)','Verbal (light)'], rows:[
        ['make a decision','decide'],
        ['conduct an investigation','investigate'],
        ['perform an analysis','analyze'],
        ['reach a conclusion','conclude'],
        ['give consideration to','consider'],
        ['effect an improvement','improve'],
      ]},
      { type:'note', title:{ en:'When to use which', ar:'متى تستخدم أياً منهما' }, body:{
        en:'Nominalize when the ACTION itself is your topic (*The inspection found three defects*), when you need to repeat it as a known thing (*This failure…*), or when the actor is genuinely unknown. Prefer verbs when you want responsibility and pace: *We tested, we found, we fixed.* A useful audit: circle every "-tion/-ment/-ance" in your draft — each one should earn its place.',
        ar:'استخدم الاسم عندما يكون الفعل نفسه موضوعك أو عند تكراره كشيء معروف. وفضّل الفعل عندما تريد المسؤولية والإيقاع: *اختبرنا فوجدنا فأصلحنا.* تدقيق مفيد: ضع دائرة حول كل "-tion" في مسودتك.',
      }},
      { type:'examples', title:{ en:'Rewrites', ar:'إعادة صياغة' }, items:[
        { en:'"Implementation of the optimization was performed by the team" → "The team optimized the process."', ar:'"تم تنفيذ التحسين بواسطة الفريق" ← "حسّن الفريق العملية."', ctx:'3 nominalizations → 1 verb' },
        { en:'"There was a failure of communication" → "We failed to communicate" (braver, clearer).', ar:'"حدث فشل في التواصل" ← "فشلنا في التواصل".', ctx:'restores the actor' },
        { en:'Good use: "The 2019 redefinition of the kilogram ended a century of drift."', ar:'استخدام جيد: "إعادة تعريف الكيلوغرام ٢٠١٩ أنهت قرناً من الانحراف."', ctx:'action as topic' },
      ]},
    ],
    practice:[
      { type:'mcq', q:'Lightest version of "We will give consideration to your proposal"?',
        options:['Consideration will be given to your proposal.','We will consider your proposal.','Your proposal will receive consideration.','A consideration of your proposal will occur.'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Verb instead of nominalization.', explainAr:'الفعل بدل الاسم.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'"An investigation was conducted" hides:',
        options:['The date','The actor — WHO investigated','The result','The cost'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Nominalization + passive removes the actor.', explainAr:'يخفي الفاعل.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'When is nominalization the RIGHT choice?',
        options:['Always','Never','When the action itself is the topic under discussion','Only in emails'], a:2,
        explainEn:'E.g. "The inspection found three defects."', explainAr:'عندما يكون الفعل نفسه هو الموضوع.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Which suffix often signals nominalization?',
        options:['-ly','-tion','-est','-ing (in "is going")'], a:1,
        explainEn:'-tion/-ment/-ance are nominalization markers.', explainAr:'-tion علامة التسمية الاسمية.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Rewrite with a verb: "made an improvement to" → "___" (one word)', a:'improved',
        explainEn:'make an improvement → improve(d).', explainAr:'الفعل المباشر → improved.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'"reach a conclusion" → "___" (one word)', a:'conclude',
        explainEn:'Nominalization → verb: conclude.', explainAr:'الاسم → الفعل: conclude.' },
    ],
  },

);