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   Reading practice — B1 texts
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  /* ─── B1 · SAUDI ─── */
  {
    id: 'giga-projects-careers', level: 'B1', icon: '🏗️', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'Building a Career on a Giga-Project', ar: 'بناء مسيرة مهنية في مشروع عملاق', tr: 'Dev Projede Kariyer İnşa Etmek' },
    summary: {
      en: 'Saudi Arabia\'s giant construction projects need thousands of engineers. What is it like to work on one?',
      ar: 'مشاريع البناء العملاقة في السعودية تحتاج آلاف المهندسين. كيف يبدو العمل في أحدها؟',
      tr: 'Suudi Arabistan\'ın dev inşaat projeleri binlerce mühendise ihtiyaç duyuyor. Birinde çalışmak nasıl bir şey?',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Engineers review plans at a coastal construction site.', ar: 'مهندسون يراجعون المخططات في موقع بناء ساحلي.', tr: 'Mühendisler bir sahil şantiyesinde planları inceliyor.' },
      prompt: 'A diverse team of engineers in white helmets reviewing a large site plan at a vast coastal construction site, cranes and the Red Sea in the background.',
    },
    body: [
      'Over the last decade, Saudi Arabia has launched some of the largest construction projects in human history. New cities on the Red Sea coast, entertainment districts, tourism resorts, futuristic transport systems — projects so large that they are called "giga-projects." For young engineers across the Arab world, they have become a [[magnet]].',
      'What makes working on a giga-project different? The first thing is [[scale]]. A typical building project might have one tower crane; a giga-project site might have a hundred. Instead of a team of twenty people, you may join an organization of twenty thousand, with colleagues from fifty countries. English is usually the common working language — which is exactly why many engineers work hard on their communication skills before applying.',
      'The second difference is speed. Deadlines are ambitious, and the work never really stops. A site engineer might spend the morning solving a problem with a concrete [[pour]], the afternoon in coordination meetings with international consultants, and the evening writing progress reports. It is [[demanding]] — most people who have done it describe the experience as "three years of learning packed into one."',
      'The third difference is technology. Giga-projects are testing grounds for new methods: 3D-printed buildings, digital twins (computer copies of the whole site), drones that [[survey]] progress every day, and AI systems that predict delays before they happen. Engineers who join these projects often touch technology that older industries will not use for another decade.',
      'What do employers look for? Technical degrees matter, of course. But recruiters consistently mention three other things: flexibility, teamwork across cultures, and — again and again — professional English. On a site where a Saudi manager, a Turkish contractor, an Indian consultant, and a German supplier meet in one room, the engineer who can communicate clearly becomes [[indispensable]].',
      'The giga-projects will not last forever; most have completion dates in the 2030s. But the engineers who build them are gaining something permanent: experience, networks, and confidence that they can take anywhere in the world.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'magnet':        { pos: 'noun', def: 'something that strongly attracts people or things', ex: 'The new tech district is a magnet for young talent.' },
      'scale':         { pos: 'noun', def: 'the size or extent of something', ex: 'The scale of the project surprised everyone.' },
      'pour':          { pos: 'noun', def: 'the act of placing liquid concrete into forms', ex: 'The concrete pour starts at 5 a.m.' },
      'demanding':     { pos: 'adjective', def: 'requiring a lot of time, effort, or attention', ex: 'It is a demanding job, but I learn every day.' },
      'survey':        { pos: 'verb', def: 'to examine and measure an area or work in detail', ex: 'Drones survey the site every morning.' },
      'indispensable': { pos: 'adjective', def: 'so useful or important that you cannot manage without it', ex: 'She quickly became indispensable to the team.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why are the projects called "giga-projects"?',
        options:['They use gigabytes of data','They are extremely large','They are underground','They are finished quickly'], a:1,
        explainEn:'They are some of the largest construction projects in history.', explainAr:'لأنها من أضخم مشاريع البناء في التاريخ.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is usually the common working language on these sites?',
        options:['Arabic','English','German','Turkish'], a:1,
        explainEn:'English is usually the common working language.', explainAr:'الإنجليزية عادة هي لغة العمل المشتركة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is a "digital twin"?',
        options:['Two engineers working together','A computer copy of the whole site','A type of drone','A 3D-printed building'], a:1,
        explainEn:'A digital twin is a computer copy of the whole site.', explainAr:'التوأم الرقمي نسخة حاسوبية من الموقع كاملاً.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Besides technical degrees, what THREE things do recruiters mention?',
        options:['Age, height, nationality','Flexibility, cross-cultural teamwork, professional English','Driving, cooking, drawing','Speed, strength, memory'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Flexibility, teamwork across cultures, and professional English.', explainAr:'المرونة والعمل الجماعي عبر الثقافات والإنجليزية المهنية.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Someone so important you cannot manage without them is ___.', a:'indispensable',
        explainEn:'Clear communicators become indispensable.', explainAr:'indispensable تعني لا غنى عنه.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'A job that requires a lot of time and effort is ___.', a:'demanding',
        explainEn:'"It is demanding — three years of learning packed into one."', explainAr:'demanding تعني مُرهِق ويتطلب جهداً كبيراً.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B1 · TURKEY ─── */
  {
    id: 'istanbul-earthquake-eng', level: 'B1', icon: '🏢', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'Designing Buildings for Earthquake Country', ar: 'تصميم المباني لبلد الزلازل', tr: 'Deprem Ülkesi İçin Bina Tasarlamak' },
    summary: {
      en: 'Turkey sits on active fault lines. How do engineers design buildings that survive earthquakes?',
      ar: 'تقع تركيا على خطوط صدع نشطة. كيف يصمم المهندسون مباني تنجو من الزلازل؟',
      tr: 'Türkiye aktif fay hatları üzerinde. Mühendisler depreme dayanıklı binaları nasıl tasarlıyor?',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'A base-isolated building rests on flexible bearings.', ar: 'مبنى معزول القاعدة يرتكز على محامل مرنة.', tr: 'Taban izolasyonlu bir bina esnek yataklar üzerinde duruyor.' },
      prompt: 'A technical cutaway illustration of a modern hospital building standing on large black rubber base-isolation bearings, engineers inspecting them in the basement.',
    },
    body: [
      'Turkey lies on some of the most active [[fault lines]] in the world. Earthquakes cannot be prevented — and, despite decades of research, they still cannot be predicted. So Turkish engineers focus on the one thing they can control: making sure buildings survive the shaking.',
      'The core idea of earthquake engineering sounds strange at first: a good building must be able to *move*. A completely [[rigid]] structure fights the earthquake — and the earthquake usually wins. A well-designed structure bends, sways, and absorbs the energy, the way a tree survives a storm by moving with the wind.',
      'Engineers achieve this with several tools. Steel bars inside concrete columns let them bend without breaking. Shear walls — strong concrete walls placed in careful positions — carry the sideways forces. In the most critical buildings, such as hospitals, engineers use [[base isolation]]: the whole building rests on large flexible bearings, like a house standing on giant rubber shoes. During an earthquake, the ground moves — but the building above moves much less.',
      'Istanbul\'s new airport terminal and several city hospitals use exactly this technology. One Istanbul hospital complex sits on more than two thousand isolators and is designed to keep operating — surgeries included — [[throughout]] a major earthquake, when a hospital is needed most.',
      'But engineers are honest about the hardest problem: it is not designing new buildings — it is the millions of old ones, built before modern codes. [[Retrofitting]] (strengthening existing buildings) is slow and expensive, and deciding which buildings to strengthen first is as much a social question as a technical one.',
      'Earthquake engineering carries a serious lesson for every engineer: nature does not read our plans. The engineer\'s job is not to promise that nothing will happen — it is to make sure that when something happens, people [[survive]] it.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'fault lines':    { pos: 'noun', def: 'cracks in the Earth\'s crust where earthquakes happen', ex: 'The city lies near a major fault line.' },
      'rigid':          { pos: 'adjective', def: 'completely stiff; unable to bend', ex: 'A rigid structure can crack under stress.' },
      'base isolation': { pos: 'noun', def: 'a technique where a building rests on flexible bearings that absorb earthquake movement', ex: 'The hospital uses base isolation for safety.' },
      'throughout':     { pos: 'preposition', def: 'during the whole time of', ex: 'The system worked throughout the storm.' },
      'retrofitting':   { pos: 'noun', def: 'adding new strength or technology to an existing building', ex: 'Retrofitting the school took six months.' },
      'survive':        { pos: 'verb', def: 'to continue to live or exist after a dangerous event', ex: 'The bridge survived the earthquake.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'What can engineers control about earthquakes?',
        options:['When they happen','Where they happen','How buildings respond to them','Their strength'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Earthquakes can\'t be prevented or predicted — engineers control how buildings survive them.', explainAr:'لا يمكن منع الزلازل أو التنبؤ بها — يتحكم المهندسون في صمود المباني.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why must a good building be able to move?',
        options:['To look modern','A rigid structure fights the earthquake and usually loses','To save money','So people feel the shaking'], a:1,
        explainEn:'A rigid structure fights the earthquake — and the earthquake usually wins.', explainAr:'الهيكل الصلب تماماً يقاوم الزلزال — والزلزال ينتصر عادة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is base isolation?',
        options:['Building underground','The building rests on flexible bearings, like rubber shoes','Removing the base of old buildings','Building far from cities'], a:1,
        explainEn:'The whole building rests on large flexible bearings.', explainAr:'يرتكز المبنى بأكمله على محامل مرنة كبيرة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is the hardest problem, according to engineers?',
        options:['Designing new buildings','The millions of old buildings built before modern codes','Finding steel','Training students'], a:1,
        explainEn:'The hardest problem is the old buildings — retrofitting is slow and expensive.', explainAr:'أصعب مشكلة هي المباني القديمة — التقوية بطيئة ومكلفة.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Strengthening an existing building is called ___.', a:'retrofitting',
        explainEn:'Retrofitting = adding strength to existing buildings.', explainAr:'retrofitting تعني تقوية المباني القائمة.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'A completely stiff structure that cannot bend is ___.', a:'rigid',
        explainEn:'A rigid structure can crack under earthquake forces.', explainAr:'rigid تعني صلباً غير مرن.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B1 · JAPAN ─── */
  {
    id: 'kaizen-small-steps', level: 'B1', icon: '🔄', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'Kaizen: The Power of Small Improvements', ar: 'كايزن: قوة التحسينات الصغيرة', tr: 'Kaizen: Küçük İyileştirmelerin Gücü' },
    summary: {
      en: 'A Japanese idea changed factories worldwide: improve something small, every single day.',
      ar: 'فكرة يابانية غيّرت المصانع حول العالم: حسّن شيئاً صغيراً كل يوم.',
      tr: 'Bir Japon fikri dünyadaki fabrikaları değiştirdi: her gün küçük bir şeyi iyileştir.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'A worker adds an improvement idea to the team board.', ar: 'عامل يضيف فكرة تحسين إلى لوحة الفريق.', tr: 'Bir çalışan ekip panosuna bir iyileştirme fikri ekliyor.' },
      prompt: 'A factory worker pinning a handwritten improvement idea card onto a kaizen board full of notes, colleagues discussing next to a clean production line.',
    },
    body: [
      'In the 1950s, Japanese factories were rebuilding after the war. They had little money for new machines, so they turned to a different [[resource]]: the ideas of their own workers. The philosophy that grew from this is called *kaizen* — Japanese for "change for the better," or simply: continuous improvement.',
      'Kaizen turns the usual thinking about improvement upside down. Most companies look for big, expensive changes: a new machine, new software, a new building. Kaizen asks a humbler question: what small thing can we improve *today*? Move a tool shelf closer to the workbench and save thirty seconds per job. Rewrite a confusing label. Fix the [[root cause]] of a small error instead of correcting it again and again.',
      'One small change means little. But the mathematics of kaizen is powerful: a company whose thousand workers each [[implement]] one small improvement per month makes twelve thousand improvements a year. At Toyota — the most famous home of kaizen — employees suggest hundreds of thousands of improvements every year, and most of them are actually put into practice.',
      'A key rule: the people closest to the work make the suggestions. The operator who uses the machine eight hours a day sees problems that no manager ever will. That is why kaizen changed not only processes but [[hierarchy]]: it taught companies that respect for workers\' knowledge is not just polite — it is profitable.',
      'Kaizen also has a personal version, and it works for language learning. Do not try to "learn English" in one heroic month; you will burn out. Instead, improve by one small step every day: five new words, one grammar point, one short reading text. A learner who improves just 1% a day is not 365% better after a year — thanks to [[compounding]], the growth is far greater. Small steps, repeated without stopping, beat big plans that stop.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'resource':    { pos: 'noun', def: 'something valuable a company or person can use', ex: 'Time is our most limited resource.' },
      'root cause':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'the deepest, original reason for a problem', ex: 'We found the root cause of the failure.' },
      'implement':   { pos: 'verb', def: 'to put a plan or idea into practice', ex: 'The team implemented the new process in May.' },
      'hierarchy':   { pos: 'noun', def: 'the levels of power in an organization, from top to bottom', ex: 'Ideas must travel up the hierarchy.' },
      'compounding': { pos: 'noun', def: 'growth that builds on previous growth, becoming faster over time', ex: 'Compounding makes small savings grow large.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'What does "kaizen" mean?',
        options:['Hard work','Change for the better / continuous improvement','New machines','Quality control'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Kaizen = "change for the better," continuous improvement.', explainAr:'كايزن تعني "التغيير نحو الأفضل" — التحسين المستمر.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why did Japanese factories turn to workers\' ideas in the 1950s?',
        options:['Workers demanded it','They had little money for new machines','The government ordered it','American companies suggested it'], a:1,
        explainEn:'They had little money for new machines after the war.', explainAr:'لم يكن لديها مال كافٍ لآلات جديدة بعد الحرب.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Who should make the improvement suggestions, according to kaizen?',
        options:['Only managers','Outside consultants','The people closest to the work','The customers'], a:2,
        explainEn:'The people closest to the work see problems no manager will.', explainAr:'الأقرب إلى العمل يرون مشكلات لا يراها أي مدير.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'How does the article apply kaizen to learning English?',
        options:['Study one heroic month','Improve by one small step every day','Only take courses','Move to an English-speaking country'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Five words, one grammar point, one text — one small step every day.', explainAr:'خطوة صغيرة كل يوم: خمس كلمات، قاعدة واحدة، نص قصير.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'To put a plan into practice is to ___ it.', a:'implement',
        explainEn:'Most suggested improvements are actually implemented.', explainAr:'implement تعني ينفّذ.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'The deepest, original reason for a problem is its root ___.', a:'cause',
        explainEn:'Fix the root cause, not just the symptom.', explainAr:'السبب الجذري هو أصل المشكلة.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B1 · WORKPLACE STORY ─── */
  {
    id: 'first-presentation', level: 'B1', icon: '🎤', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Story', ar: 'قصة', tr: 'Hikâye' },
    title: { en: 'Amira\'s First Presentation in English', ar: 'أول عرض تقديمي لأميرة بالإنجليزية', tr: 'Amira\'nın İngilizce İlk Sunumu' },
    summary: {
      en: 'Ten minutes, twelve people, one second language. A story about a fear almost every engineer knows.',
      ar: 'عشر دقائق، اثنا عشر شخصاً، لغة ثانية. قصة عن خوف يعرفه كل مهندس تقريباً.',
      tr: 'On dakika, on iki kişi, bir ikinci dil. Neredeyse her mühendisin bildiği bir korku hakkında hikâye.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Amira presents the test results to the project team.', ar: 'أميرة تعرض نتائج الاختبار على فريق المشروع.', tr: 'Amira test sonuçlarını proje ekibine sunuyor.' },
      prompt: 'Amira (cast figure) standing confidently at the front of a meeting room presenting a chart on screen, twelve attentive colleagues around a long table.',
    },
    body: [
      'The email arrived on Monday: "Amira, please present the sensor test results at Thursday\'s project meeting. 10 minutes. The client\'s team will join online." Amira read it three times. She had [[analyzed]] every one of those test results herself — the data was hers, and it was good news. So why did her hands feel cold?',
      'The answer was simple, and she knew it: the presentation would be in English. In Arabic, she could explain these results to anyone, from a professor to a taxi driver. In English, she was afraid of one thing above all — the moment when someone asks a question she does not [[anticipate]], and her mind goes completely blank.',
      'Her manager, Leila, noticed her face at lunch. "First client presentation?" she asked. Amira nodded. Leila smiled. "Let me tell you a secret. The client is not grading your grammar. They are asking one question only: *can I trust this engineer\'s work?* Answer that question, and nobody remembers your small mistakes."',
      'Leila gave her three practical rules. One: write your opening and closing sentences and learn them by heart — a strong start [[calms]] the nerves, and a clear ending is what people remember. Two: keep sentences short. "Long sentences are where second-language speakers get lost. Short sentences sound confident." Three: prepare for questions with a simple bridge phrase: *"That\'s a good question — let me check the exact number and come back to you."* "Knowing you have this phrase," Leila said, "removes half the fear."',
      'Thursday came. Amira\'s opening sentence came out exactly as [[rehearsed]], and after that, something surprising happened: the slides did the work. She knew every chart, so the words followed the data. When the client asked an unexpected question about temperature ranges, she used the bridge phrase — and the client simply nodded and said, "Of course, thank you."',
      'Afterwards, the client\'s lead engineer wrote one line to Leila: "Very clear presentation. Good team." Amira read it five times. Her English had not been perfect — she knew that. But it had been [[sufficient]], and clear, and hers. The next presentation, she decided, would be better. And the one after that, better still. Kaizen.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'analyzed':   { pos: 'verb', def: 'examined something carefully to understand it', ex: 'She analyzed the data for two weeks.' },
      'anticipate': { pos: 'verb', def: 'to expect something before it happens', ex: 'We anticipate some questions about the budget.' },
      'calms':      { pos: 'verb', def: 'makes someone less nervous or worried', ex: 'Deep breathing calms the nerves.' },
      'rehearsed':  { pos: 'verb', def: 'practiced something before performing it', ex: 'He rehearsed the speech ten times.' },
      'sufficient': { pos: 'adjective', def: 'enough for the purpose', ex: 'The evidence was sufficient to continue.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is Amira most afraid of?',
        options:['The data being wrong','An unexpected question making her mind go blank','The projector failing','Being late'], a:1,
        explainEn:'She fears a question she does not anticipate, when her mind goes blank.', explainAr:'تخشى سؤالاً غير متوقع يجعل ذهنها يفرغ تماماً.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'According to Leila, what question is the client really asking?',
        options:['Is her grammar perfect?','Can I trust this engineer\'s work?','How long is the presentation?','Who is the manager?'], a:1,
        explainEn:'"Can I trust this engineer\'s work?" — not grammar.', explainAr:'"هل أثق بعمل هذه المهندسة؟" — وليس القواعد.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why does Leila recommend short sentences?',
        options:['They save time','Long sentences are where second-language speakers get lost','Clients dislike details','They are easier to translate'], a:1,
        explainEn:'"Short sentences sound confident."', explainAr:'"الجمل القصيرة تبدو واثقة."' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is the "bridge phrase" for?',
        options:['Starting the presentation','Handling questions you cannot answer immediately','Ending the meeting','Introducing the team'], a:1,
        explainEn:'"Let me check the exact number and come back to you."', explainAr:'عبارة للتعامل مع الأسئلة غير المتوقعة.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'To expect something before it happens is to ___ it.', a:'anticipate',
        explainEn:'Prepare for questions you can anticipate.', explainAr:'anticipate تعني يتوقع.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Enough for the purpose means ___.', a:'sufficient',
        explainEn:'Her English was not perfect, but it was sufficient.', explainAr:'sufficient تعني كافياً.' },
    ],
  },

]);