/* ─────────────────────────────────────────────
   Reading practice — batch 5: more A1/A2/B1 across regions & science
   Extends window.READING_DATA
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window.READING_DATA = (window.READING_DATA || []).concat([

  /* ─── A1 · TURKEY ─── */
  {
    id: 'grand-bazaar', level: 'A1', icon: '🛍️', minutes: 3,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'The Oldest Shopping Mall in the World', ar: 'أقدم مركز تسوق في العالم', tr: 'Dünyanın En Eski Alışveriş Merkezi' },
    summary: {
      en: 'The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is more than 550 years old — and still very busy.',
      ar: 'البازار الكبير في إسطنبول عمره أكثر من ٥٥٠ عاماً — وما زال مزدحماً جداً.',
      tr: 'İstanbul\'daki Kapalıçarşı 550 yaşından büyük — ve hâlâ çok kalabalık.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'A colorful covered street inside the Grand Bazaar.', ar: 'شارع مغطى ملون داخل البازار الكبير.', tr: 'Kapalıçarşı\'nın içinde renkli, üstü kapalı bir sokak.' },
      prompt: 'A bustling covered street inside Istanbul\'s Grand Bazaar, arched painted ceilings, shops of lamps, carpets, and gold, warm light and crowds.',
    },
    body: [
      'When people talk about shopping malls, they think of new, modern buildings. But the oldest big [[covered]] market in the world is more than 550 years old. It is the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul.',
      'The Grand Bazaar is very big. It has more than 60 [[streets]] and about 4,000 shops — all under one roof. About 300,000 people visit every day. It is easy to get lost inside!',
      'The shops sell many things: gold, [[carpets]], lamps, spices, tea, and leather. Each part of the bazaar has its own products. Long ago, gold sellers were in one street, and carpet sellers in another. This is still true today.',
      'In the bazaar, prices are not always fixed. Many sellers expect you to [[bargain]] — this means you talk about the price until both people are happy. The seller often gives you a glass of tea while you talk. It is part of the fun.',
      'The Grand Bazaar is more than a market. It is a piece of living [[history]]. For 550 years, people have come here to buy, sell, talk, and drink tea. And tomorrow, they will do it again.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'covered':  { pos: 'adjective', def: 'with a roof over it', ex: 'The market is covered, so rain is no problem.' },
      'streets':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'roads with buildings or shops on both sides', ex: 'The old town has narrow streets.' },
      'carpets':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'thick cloths that cover a floor', ex: 'Turkish carpets are famous around the world.' },
      'bargain':  { pos: 'verb', def: 'to talk about a price to make it lower', ex: 'You can bargain in the market, not in shops.' },
      'history':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'events of the past', ex: 'The city has a long history.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'How old is the Grand Bazaar?',
        options:['About 50 years','More than 550 years','1,000 years','20 years'], a:1,
        explainEn:'It is more than 550 years old.', explainAr:'عمره أكثر من ٥٥٠ عاماً.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'How many shops does it have?',
        options:['About 40','About 400','About 4,000','About 40,000'], a:2,
        explainEn:'About 4,000 shops under one roof.', explainAr:'حوالي ٤٠٠٠ متجر تحت سقف واحد.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What does "bargain" mean?',
        options:['To pay quickly','To talk about the price to make it lower','To buy gold','To drink tea'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Bargain = talk about the price until both are happy.', explainAr:'المساومة تعني التفاوض على السعر.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'True or false: All prices in the bazaar are fixed.',
        options:['True','False'], a:1,
        explainEn:'False — "prices are not always fixed."', explainAr:'خطأ — الأسعار ليست ثابتة دائماً.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Thick cloths that cover a floor are ___.', a:'carpets',
        explainEn:'The bazaar sells famous Turkish carpets.', explainAr:'carpets تعني السجاد.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Something with a roof over it is ___.', a:'covered',
        explainEn:'The Grand Bazaar is a covered market.', explainAr:'covered تعني مغطى.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── A1 · SAUDI / FOOD ─── */
  {
    id: 'dates-fruit', level: 'A1', icon: '🌴', minutes: 3,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'Dates: The Fruit of the Desert', ar: 'التمر: فاكهة الصحراء', tr: 'Hurma: Çölün Meyvesi' },
    summary: {
      en: 'Small, sweet, and full of energy — dates are one of the oldest foods in the world.',
      ar: 'صغير وحلو ومليء بالطاقة — التمر من أقدم الأطعمة في العالم.',
      tr: 'Küçük, tatlı ve enerji dolu — hurma dünyanın en eski gıdalarından biri.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Fresh dates hang in large bunches on a palm tree.', ar: 'تمور طازجة تتدلى في عناقيد كبيرة على نخلة.', tr: 'Taze hurmalar bir hurma ağacında büyük salkımlar hâlinde asılı.' },
      prompt: 'Close-up of ripe golden and brown dates hanging in heavy bunches on a date palm, blue desert sky, warm sunlight.',
    },
    body: [
      'The date palm is one of the oldest [[trees]] that people grow for food. People in the Middle East have eaten dates for more than 6,000 years. In Saudi Arabia, dates are everywhere — in homes, at parties, and always with coffee.',
      'Dates grow on tall palm trees. In summer, the fruit is green and hard. Later, it becomes soft, brown, and very [[sweet]]. One tree can give a lot of fruit — sometimes more than 100 kilograms in a year!',
      'Dates are not only delicious; they are full of [[energy]]. Just a few dates give your body quick power. This is why many people eat dates when they are tired, or when they break their fast in the month of Ramadan.',
      'There are many [[kinds]] of dates. Some are small and dry; some are big and soft. In Saudi Arabia, the Ajwa and Sukkary dates are very famous and loved.',
      'Dates are also good for the [[future]]. Palm trees live well in the hot, dry desert, and they need less water than many other fruit trees. Old fruit, but a smart one — the date will be with us for a long time.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'trees':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'big plants with a trunk and branches', ex: 'There are palm trees near the road.' },
      'sweet':  { pos: 'adjective', def: 'tasting like sugar', ex: 'This tea is too sweet for me.' },
      'energy': { pos: 'noun', def: 'the power your body needs to be active', ex: 'Dates give you energy.' },
      'kinds':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'types or sorts of something', ex: 'There are many kinds of bread.' },
      'future': { pos: 'noun', def: 'the time that is coming', ex: 'In the future, cars will be electric.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'How long have people eaten dates?',
        options:['About 60 years','About 600 years','More than 6,000 years','Since last century'], a:2,
        explainEn:'People have eaten dates for more than 6,000 years.', explainAr:'أكل الناس التمر منذ أكثر من ٦٠٠٠ عام.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'When do people often eat dates in Ramadan?',
        options:['Before sleeping','When they break their fast','Only in the morning','Never'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Many people eat dates when they break their fast.', explainAr:'يأكل كثيرون التمر عند الإفطار.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why are date palms good for the future?',
        options:['They are tall','They need less water than many fruit trees','They grow fast','They give shade'], a:1,
        explainEn:'They live well in the desert and need less water.', explainAr:'تعيش في الصحراء وتحتاج ماءً أقل.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'True or false: Ajwa and Sukkary are famous dates in Saudi Arabia.',
        options:['True','False'], a:0,
        explainEn:'True — both are very famous and loved.', explainAr:'صحيح — كلاهما مشهور ومحبوب.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Tasting like sugar means ___.', a:'sweet',
        explainEn:'Ripe dates are soft and very sweet.', explainAr:'sweet تعني حلو المذاق.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Types or sorts of something are ___.', a:'kinds',
        explainEn:'There are many kinds of dates.', explainAr:'kinds تعني الأنواع.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── A2 · GERMANY / DAILY ─── */
  {
    id: 'german-recycling', level: 'A2', icon: '♻️', minutes: 4,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'The German Art of Recycling', ar: 'فن إعادة التدوير الألماني', tr: 'Alman Geri Dönüşüm Sanatı' },
    summary: {
      en: 'In Germany, putting rubbish in the wrong bin is almost a crime. Here is how the system works.',
      ar: 'في ألمانيا، وضع القمامة في الصندوق الخطأ يكاد يكون جريمة. إليك كيف يعمل النظام.',
      tr: 'Almanya\'da çöpü yanlış kutuya atmak neredeyse bir suç. İşte sistem nasıl çalışıyor.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Four colored bins for different kinds of waste.', ar: 'أربعة صناديق ملونة لأنواع مختلفة من النفايات.', tr: 'Farklı atık türleri için dört renkli çöp kutusu.' },
      prompt: 'Four color-coded German recycling bins in a row (blue, yellow, brown, black) on a clean street, clear labels, a person sorting waste.',
    },
    body: [
      'When people move to Germany, one thing often surprises them: you cannot just throw your rubbish in one bin. You must [[sort]] it carefully, and there are strict rules.',
      'In most German homes, there are several different bins. The blue bin is for paper. The yellow one is for plastic and metal [[packaging]]. The brown bin is for food and garden waste. And the black bin is for everything else. Glass goes to special containers, sorted by color: green, brown, and clear.',
      'There is also a clever system for bottles. When you buy a drink, you pay a small extra amount called *Pfand* — a [[deposit]]. When you bring the empty bottle back to the shop, a machine gives your money back. Because of this, almost no one throws away bottles: they are worth money!',
      'Why do Germans do all this? The answer is [[efficiency]] and respect for the environment. Germany recycles more than half of all its waste — one of the highest rates in the world. Less rubbish goes into the ground, and materials are used again and again.',
      'For newcomers, the system is confusing at first. But neighbors are usually happy to help — and some are very quick to correct a mistake! After a few weeks, sorting becomes a [[habit]]. And many people, when they travel to other countries, suddenly miss the tidy German bins.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'sort':        { pos: 'verb', def: 'to separate things into groups', ex: 'Please sort the papers by date.' },
      'packaging':   { pos: 'noun', def: 'the material around a product (box, plastic, wrapper)', ex: 'There is too much packaging on this toy.' },
      'deposit':     { pos: 'noun', def: 'money you pay and get back later', ex: 'You pay a deposit on the bottle.' },
      'efficiency':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'doing something well without waste', ex: 'German factories are famous for efficiency.' },
      'habit':       { pos: 'noun', def: 'something you do regularly, often without thinking', ex: 'Reading before bed is a good habit.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'What goes in the blue bin?',
        options:['Food waste','Paper','Plastic','Glass'], a:1,
        explainEn:'The blue bin is for paper.', explainAr:'الصندوق الأزرق للورق.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is "Pfand"?',
        options:['A type of bin','A deposit you pay on bottles and get back','A recycling machine','A German city'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Pfand is a deposit — the machine gives your money back.', explainAr:'الـ Pfand وديعة تُرد لك عند إعادة الزجاجة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'How much of its waste does Germany recycle?',
        options:['Less than 10%','About 25%','More than half','All of it'], a:2,
        explainEn:'Germany recycles more than half of all its waste.', explainAr:'تعيد ألمانيا تدوير أكثر من نصف نفاياتها.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'True or false: Glass is sorted by color.',
        options:['True','False'], a:0,
        explainEn:'True — green, brown, and clear glass go separately.', explainAr:'صحيح — يُفرز الزجاج حسب اللون.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'To separate things into groups is to ___ them.', a:'sort',
        explainEn:'You must sort your rubbish carefully.', explainAr:'sort تعني يفرز.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Money you pay and get back later is a ___.', a:'deposit',
        explainEn:'You pay a deposit on the bottle.', explainAr:'deposit تعني وديعة.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── A2 · JAPAN / CULTURE ─── */
  {
    id: 'japanese-vending', level: 'A2', icon: '🥤', minutes: 4,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'A Country of Vending Machines', ar: 'بلد آلات البيع', tr: 'Otomat Makineleri Ülkesi' },
    summary: {
      en: 'Japan has a vending machine for almost everything. Why so many?',
      ar: 'لدى اليابان آلة بيع لكل شيء تقريباً. لماذا هذا العدد الكبير؟',
      tr: 'Japonya\'da neredeyse her şey için bir otomat var. Neden bu kadar çok?',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'A brightly lit row of vending machines on a quiet street.', ar: 'صف مضاء من آلات البيع في شارع هادئ.', tr: 'Sessiz bir sokakta parlak ışıklı bir otomat sırası.' },
      prompt: 'A row of glowing Japanese vending machines at night on a quiet street, colorful drinks displayed, soft neon reflections on wet pavement.',
    },
    body: [
      'Walk down any street in Japan, and you will see them everywhere: [[vending machines]]. There are about four million of them in the country — one machine for every thirty people. That is the highest number in the world.',
      'Most machines sell drinks: cold water, tea, coffee, and juice. In winter, the same machine can also sell HOT drinks — the bottles stay warm inside. But that is only the beginning. In Japan, vending machines also sell hot noodles, ice cream, umbrellas, fresh eggs, flowers, and even hot meals.',
      'Why does Japan have so many? There are several [[reasons]]. First, Japan is a very safe country, so machines full of money can stand on the street all night without problems. Second, workers\' [[wages]] are high, so machines are cheaper than paying many shop workers. Third, the machines save [[space]] — important in crowded cities where shops are small and expensive.',
      'The machines are also famous for being clever and reliable. They almost never break, they give the correct change, and many now accept phone [[payments]]. Some new machines even have a screen that suggests a warm drink on a cold day.',
      'For visitors, the vending machines are part of the fun of Japan. On a hot summer night, you can walk to a quiet corner, put in a few coins, and a cold drink appears — clean, cheap, and always working. It is a small thing. But it is very, very Japanese.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'vending machines': { pos: 'noun', def: 'machines that sell products when you put in money', ex: 'The vending machine sells cold drinks.' },
      'reasons':          { pos: 'noun', def: 'the explanations for why something happens', ex: 'There are three reasons for the delay.' },
      'wages':            { pos: 'noun', def: 'money paid to workers for their work', ex: 'Wages are higher in the city.' },
      'space':            { pos: 'noun', def: 'an empty area that can be used', ex: 'There is no space for a big shop here.' },
      'payments':         { pos: 'noun', def: 'acts of paying money', ex: 'The shop accepts card payments.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'How many vending machines are there in Japan?',
        options:['About 4,000','About 400,000','About 4 million','About 40 million'], a:2,
        explainEn:'About four million — one for every thirty people.', explainAr:'حوالي أربعة ملايين — واحدة لكل ثلاثين شخصاً.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is one reason Japan has so many machines?',
        options:['People do not like shops','Japan is very safe, so machines are safe on the street','It rains a lot','Machines are free'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Japan is safe, so money-filled machines can stand outside all night.', explainAr:'اليابان آمنة، فتبقى الآلات في الشارع ليلاً.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Besides drinks, what else can the machines sell?',
        options:['Only newspapers','Hot noodles, umbrellas, eggs, flowers','Cars','Nothing else'], a:1,
        explainEn:'They sell noodles, ice cream, umbrellas, eggs, flowers, and more.', explainAr:'تبيع نودلز ومظلات وبيضاً وأزهاراً والمزيد.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'True or false: The same machine can sell hot and cold drinks.',
        options:['True','False'], a:0,
        explainEn:'True — in winter it sells hot drinks too.', explainAr:'صحيح — تبيع مشروبات ساخنة في الشتاء أيضاً.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Money paid to workers for their work is called ___.', a:'wages',
        explainEn:'High wages make machines cheaper than staff.', explainAr:'wages تعني الأجور.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'An empty area that can be used is ___.', a:'space',
        explainEn:'Machines save space in crowded cities.', explainAr:'space تعني المساحة.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── A2 · SCIENCE ─── */
  {
    id: 'how-gps-works', level: 'A2', icon: '🛰️', minutes: 4,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'How Does Your Phone Know Where You Are?', ar: 'كيف يعرف هاتفك أين أنت؟', tr: 'Telefonun Nerede Olduğunu Nasıl Biliyor?' },
    summary: {
      en: 'The little blue dot on your map comes from space. Here is the simple idea behind GPS.',
      ar: 'النقطة الزرقاء الصغيرة على خريطتك تأتي من الفضاء. إليك الفكرة البسيطة وراء GPS.',
      tr: 'Haritandaki küçük mavi nokta uzaydan geliyor. İşte GPS\'in ardındaki basit fikir.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Satellites send signals down to a phone on Earth.', ar: 'الأقمار الصناعية ترسل إشارات إلى هاتف على الأرض.', tr: 'Uydular Dünya\'daki bir telefona sinyal gönderiyor.' },
      prompt: 'A clear diagram-style illustration of several GPS satellites in space sending signal lines down to a smartphone held by a person on Earth.',
    },
    body: [
      'You open a map app, and a little blue dot shows exactly where you are. It feels like magic. But it is really clever engineering — and it starts about 20,000 kilometers above your head.',
      'High above the Earth, there are more than 30 [[satellites]]. They are part of a system called GPS. Each satellite carries a very exact clock and sends a [[signal]] all the time. The signal says two things: "I am satellite number 7" and "the time now is exactly...".',
      'Your phone listens to these signals. Because the signal travels at the [[speed]] of light, and your phone knows exactly when the signal left the satellite and when it arrived, it can calculate the [[distance]] to that satellite. One satellite is not enough. But with signals from four satellites, your phone can find your position very [[precisely]] — usually within a few meters.',
      'GPS was first built by the American military. For years, only soldiers could use the exact signal. Then, in the year 2000, it was opened for everyone. Today, GPS is free and used by billions of people.',
      'And it is not only for maps. GPS guides ships and planes, helps farmers drive tractors in straight lines, and even puts the exact time on bank computers around the world. The next time you see that little blue dot, remember: four satellites in space just did the math for you.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'satellites': { pos: 'noun', def: 'machines that move around the Earth in space', ex: 'Satellites send TV signals to homes.' },
      'signal':     { pos: 'noun', def: 'information sent through the air as waves', ex: 'The phone signal is weak here.' },
      'speed':      { pos: 'noun', def: 'how fast something moves', ex: 'The speed of the car was 90 km/h.' },
      'distance':   { pos: 'noun', def: 'how far it is between two places', ex: 'The distance to the airport is 40 km.' },
      'precisely':  { pos: 'adverb', def: 'exactly; very accurately', ex: 'The machine cuts the metal precisely.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'How high above the Earth are the GPS satellites?',
        options:['About 200 km','About 2,000 km','About 20,000 km','About 200,000 km'], a:2,
        explainEn:'About 20,000 kilometers above your head.', explainAr:'حوالي ٢٠٬٠٠٠ كيلومتر فوق رأسك.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What does each satellite send?',
        options:['Photos','A signal with its number and the exact time','Money','Maps'], a:1,
        explainEn:'A signal saying which satellite it is and the exact time.', explainAr:'إشارة تحمل رقمه والوقت بدقة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'How many satellites does your phone need to find your position precisely?',
        options:['One','Two','Four','Thirty'], a:2,
        explainEn:'With signals from four satellites, it finds your position.', explainAr:'بإشارات من أربعة أقمار يحدد موقعك.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'When was GPS opened for everyone?',
        options:['In 1950','In the year 2000','In 2020','It is still only for the military'], a:1,
        explainEn:'It was opened for everyone in the year 2000.', explainAr:'فُتح للجميع عام ٢٠٠٠.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'How far it is between two places is the ___.', a:'distance',
        explainEn:'The phone calculates the distance to each satellite.', explainAr:'distance تعني المسافة.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Machines that move around the Earth in space are ___.', a:'satellites',
        explainEn:'There are more than 30 GPS satellites.', explainAr:'satellites تعني الأقمار الصناعية.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B1 · EGYPT / HISTORY-ENGINEERING ─── */
  {
    id: 'moving-abu-simbel', level: 'B1', icon: '🗿', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'The Temple That Engineers Moved', ar: 'المعبد الذي نقله المهندسون', tr: 'Mühendislerin Taşıdığı Tapınak' },
    summary: {
      en: 'To save an ancient Egyptian temple from a rising lake, engineers cut a mountain into pieces and rebuilt it higher up.',
      ar: 'لإنقاذ معبد مصري قديم من بحيرة مرتفعة، قطع المهندسون جبلاً إلى قطع وأعادوا بناءه أعلى.',
      tr: 'Yükselen bir gölden kurtarmak için mühendisler antik bir Mısır tapınağını parçalara ayırıp daha yükseğe yeniden inşa etti.',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'The great statues of Abu Simbel, cut and rebuilt stone by stone.', ar: 'تماثيل أبو سمبل العظيمة، قُطعت وأُعيد بناؤها حجراً حجراً.', tr: 'Taş taş kesilip yeniden inşa edilen Abu Simbel\'in dev heykelleri.' },
      prompt: 'The four giant seated pharaoh statues of Abu Simbel temple carved into a sandstone cliff, blue sky, small human figures at the base for scale.',
    },
    body: [
      'More than 3,000 years ago, the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses II ordered a huge temple to be carved directly into a mountain of stone at Abu Simbel, near the Nile. Four giant statues, each about 20 meters tall, guarded its entrance. For thirty centuries, they watched the river.',
      'Then, in the 1960s, Egypt began building the Aswan High Dam — a great engineering project that would control the Nile\'s floods and produce electricity. But the dam created a problem: behind it, a huge new lake would form, and its water would [[drown]] the ancient temple forever.',
      'The world faced a hard choice: lose one of humanity\'s greatest [[monuments]], or find a way to save it. Engineers proposed something that sounded impossible — cut the entire temple out of the mountain and move it to higher ground.',
      'The [[operation]] began in 1964. Workers carefully cut the temple into more than 1,000 huge blocks, some weighing up to 30 tonnes. Every block was numbered, lifted, and stored. Then, on a new hill 65 meters higher and 200 meters back, they rebuilt the entire temple — piece by piece, exactly as before. They even built an artificial mountain behind it, so it would look natural.',
      'The [[precision]] required was extraordinary. Ramesses had designed the temple so that twice a year, the rising sun shines straight through the entrance and lights up the statues deep inside. The engineers had to rebuild it so perfectly that this ancient sun event still happens today — now just one day later than before.',
      'The Abu Simbel project cost about 40 million dollars and involved experts from many countries. It taught the world an important lesson: with enough [[ingenuity]], engineering can protect the past, not only build the future. A pharaoh built the temple; modern engineers made sure it would survive.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'drown':      { pos: 'verb', def: 'to cover completely with water', ex: 'The flood drowned the whole village.' },
      'monuments':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'important old structures that people want to protect', ex: 'The city is full of ancient monuments.' },
      'operation':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'a large, carefully planned activity', ex: 'The rescue operation lasted three days.' },
      'precision':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'being exact and accurate', ex: 'The parts must fit with great precision.' },
      'ingenuity':  { pos: 'noun', def: 'cleverness at solving difficult problems', ex: 'The solution showed real ingenuity.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why did the temple need to be saved?',
        options:['It was old and dirty','A new lake behind the Aswan Dam would drown it','A war was coming','Tourists damaged it'], a:1,
        explainEn:'The dam\'s new lake would drown the temple forever.', explainAr:'بحيرة السد الجديدة كانت ستغرق المعبد.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What did the engineers do?',
        options:['Built a wall around it','Cut it into blocks and rebuilt it higher up','Covered it with plastic','Moved the river'], a:1,
        explainEn:'They cut it into 1,000+ blocks and rebuilt it 65 m higher.', explainAr:'قطعوه إلى أكثر من ١٠٠٠ كتلة وأعادوا بناءه أعلى.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What special sun event did they have to preserve?',
        options:['A rainbow','The sun lighting the inner statues twice a year','A solar eclipse','The sunset color'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Twice a year the sun shines in and lights the inner statues.', explainAr:'مرتين سنوياً تضيء الشمس التماثيل الداخلية.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What lesson did the project teach?',
        options:['Dams are bad','Engineering can protect the past, not only build the future','Old temples should be left alone','Moving things is cheap'], a:1,
        explainEn:'With ingenuity, engineering can protect the past.', explainAr:'بالإبداع يمكن للهندسة حماية الماضي.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'Cleverness at solving difficult problems is ___.', a:'ingenuity',
        explainEn:'The solution showed real ingenuity.', explainAr:'ingenuity تعني البراعة.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'To cover completely with water is to ___.', a:'drown',
        explainEn:'The lake would drown the temple.', explainAr:'drown تعني يغرق.' },
    ],
  },

  /* ─── B1 · WORLD / SCIENCE ─── */
  {
    id: 'why-planes-fly', level: 'B1', icon: '✈️', minutes: 5,
    kind: { en: 'Article', ar: 'مقال', tr: 'Makale' },
    title: { en: 'How Does 400 Tonnes of Metal Fly?', ar: 'كيف يطير ٤٠٠ طن من المعدن؟', tr: '400 Ton Metal Nasıl Uçar?' },
    summary: {
      en: 'A large plane weighs as much as 200 cars. So what actually holds it up in the air?',
      ar: 'تزن الطائرة الكبيرة مثل ٢٠٠ سيارة. فما الذي يبقيها في الهواء حقاً؟',
      tr: 'Büyük bir uçak 200 araba kadar ağırdır. Peki onu havada ne tutuyor?',
    },
    figure: {
      caption: { en: 'Air moving over and under a wing creates lift.', ar: 'الهواء يتحرك فوق الجناح وتحته فيولّد قوة الرفع.', tr: 'Kanadın üstünden ve altından geçen hava kaldırma kuvveti yaratır.' },
      prompt: 'A clean cross-section diagram of an airplane wing with curved air-flow lines above and below it, arrows showing lift pointing up, blue sky background.',
    },
    body: [
      'A fully loaded passenger jet can weigh around 400 tonnes — as much as 200 cars. Yet it lifts into the sky and stays there for hours. For most people, this feels almost unbelievable. So what is really happening?',
      'The secret is in the [[wings]], and the force they create is called *lift*. As the plane moves forward very fast, air flows over and under each wing. The top of the wing is curved, so the air on top has to move a little faster than the air below. Faster-moving air has slightly lower [[pressure]]. So there is higher pressure pushing up from below and lower pressure above — and the wing is pushed upward.',
      'But lift is only one of four forces acting on a plane. There is *weight* pulling it down, and there is *lift* pushing it up. There is *[[thrust]]* — the forward push from the engines — and *drag*, the resistance of the air trying to slow it down. To fly level, lift must equal weight, and thrust must equal drag. To climb, the pilot simply needs more lift and more thrust.',
      'This is why speed matters so much. A plane cannot create enough lift when it is slow — which is exactly why it must [[accelerate]] down a long runway before it can leave the ground, and why landing is really the careful art of losing speed and lift at just the right moment.',
      'The engines, meanwhile, do not "push against the air" the way many people think. A jet engine sucks in huge amounts of air at the front, squeezes it, adds fuel, burns it, and throws it out of the back at high speed. By pushing air backward, the engine pushes the plane forward — the same rule that makes a [[balloon]] shoot across a room when you let it go.',
      'None of this is magic. It is the careful [[balance]] of four forces, understood and controlled by engineers. Every time a plane takes off, physics you can learn in a classroom lifts 400 tonnes of metal — and a few hundred trusting passengers — safely into the sky.',
    ],
    vocab: {
      'wings':      { pos: 'noun', def: 'the flat parts on the sides of a plane that create lift', ex: 'The wings are made of aluminum.' },
      'pressure':   { pos: 'noun', def: 'the force pushing on a surface', ex: 'Low pressure above the wing helps it rise.' },
      'thrust':     { pos: 'noun', def: 'the forward force made by an engine', ex: 'The engines produce huge thrust.' },
      'accelerate': { pos: 'verb', def: 'to go faster', ex: 'The plane accelerates down the runway.' },
      'balloon':    { pos: 'noun', def: 'a rubber bag filled with air or gas that flies or floats', ex: 'The air rushes out and pushes the balloon forward.' },
      'balance':    { pos: 'noun', def: 'a situation where opposite forces are equal', ex: 'Flight is a balance of four forces.' },
    },
    questions: [
      { type:'mcq', q:'What is the upward force on a wing called?',
        options:['Thrust','Drag','Lift','Weight'], a:2,
        explainEn:'The force created by the wings is called lift.', explainAr:'القوة التي يولدها الجناح تسمى الرفع.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'Why is there lower pressure above the wing?',
        options:['The air there is colder','The air on top moves faster','There is no air on top','The wing is heavier on top'], a:1,
        explainEn:'Faster-moving air on top has slightly lower pressure.', explainAr:'الهواء الأسرع فوق الجناح ضغطه أقل.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'What are the four forces on a plane?',
        options:['Lift, weight, thrust, drag','Up, down, left, right','Heat, cold, wind, rain','Speed, height, fuel, air'], a:0,
        explainEn:'Lift, weight, thrust, and drag.', explainAr:'الرفع والوزن والدفع والمقاومة.' },
      { type:'mcq', q:'How does a jet engine push the plane forward?',
        options:['By pushing against the ground','By throwing air backward at high speed','By flapping like a bird','By using wings'], a:1,
        explainEn:'By pushing air backward, the engine pushes the plane forward.', explainAr:'بدفع الهواء للخلف تُدفع الطائرة للأمام.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'The forward force made by an engine is ___.', a:'thrust',
        explainEn:'Thrust must equal drag to fly level.', explainAr:'thrust تعني قوة الدفع.' },
      { type:'fill', q:'To go faster is to ___.', a:'accelerate',
        explainEn:'The plane accelerates down the runway.', explainAr:'accelerate تعني يتسارع.' },
    ],
  },

]);